Estimating

Labor Rate

Also known as: Hourly Rate, Wage Rate

The hourly cost of a worker used in estimating. Base rate is the wage; burdened rate adds taxes, insurance, and benefits.

Labor rate is the hourly cost of a specific worker classification used to build labor estimates. There are three standard versions: base wage (what the worker takes home), burdened rate (base wage plus all employer costs from payroll taxes through benefits), and billing rate (burdened rate plus markup, used when billing time-and-materials work). Estimators use burdened rate for internal bidding and billing rate for T&M work.

Labor rates vary by trade classification (apprentice / journeyman / foreman / superintendent), by union or non-union status, by geographic market, and by Davis-Bacon prevailing wage on federal projects. The estimator should maintain a labor rate table for the shop's actual classifications, updated whenever wages or burden change. Using stale rates is one of the most common reasons bids drift away from actual cost over time.

Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between base rate and burdened rate?+

Base rate is the worker's hourly wage (what shows up on the paycheck). Burdened rate is base rate plus all employer costs: payroll taxes, workers' comp, liability allocation, health insurance, retirement, paid time off. Burden typically runs 25 to 45% on top of base.

What labor rate should I use for estimating?+

Burdened rate. Using base rate systematically underbids labor by 25 to 45%. On a labor-heavy project this wipes out profit. Add markup to burdened rate when billing time-and-materials work or producing a billing rate.

How often should I update labor rates?+

Annually at minimum, more often if wages have shifted significantly. Major union renegotiations, prevailing wage updates, and shop-wide raises all justify a refresh. Estimating against last year's rates in a market with 5 to 8% annual wage growth produces predictable margin erosion.

Related terms