A variance is a formal exception to a code or zoning requirement granted by a board of adjustment, zoning board, or building official under specific procedures. Common variance types: zoning variances (setback reduction, height increase, parking reduction, use exception), and building code variances (alternate methods of compliance with code provisions). Variances typically require a public hearing, notice to neighbors, demonstration of unique hardship, and findings that the variance does not undermine public safety or the intent of the code.
Variances take time and money. The application process commonly runs 8 to 16 weeks including hearing scheduling. Hearing fees, legal representation, and design modifications to demonstrate the variance basis all add cost. Variances are not guaranteed; the board can deny, approve with conditions, or approve as requested. On projects that depend on a variance, secure it before bidding the construction work; bidding contingent on variance approval is high-risk because a denial can wipe out the project entirely.